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Monday 30 September 2013

Vacancy mining engineer | GPSC | LATEST UPDATED

Latest adv 30th sept 2013

Requirement for mining engineer|||
gpsc advertisement
Todays divyabhasker adv cutting is atteched here.
This is Latest adv.
For more details click below.
http://gpsc.gujarat.gov.in
Download advertisement details below.
http://mining.host-ed.me/job1dv.jpg
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Vacancy mining engineer | GPSC | LATEST UPDATED

Latest adv 30th sept 2013

Requirement for mining engineer|||
gpsc advertisement
Todays divyabhasker adv cutting is atteched here.
This is Latest adv.
For more details click below.
http://gpsc.gujarat.gov.in

Download advertisement details below.

http://mining.host-ed.me/job1dv.jpg


Sunday 29 September 2013

Question Paper First, second class metal 2013 | dgms exam

On request of reader of this blog, question papers of dgms examination for second class, first class | 2013 are here.
Updated : Direct download without ads
 Click on below link for respective download.

1. For second class question paper | winning and working |2013



2. For second class q paper | MMLG |2013

 
3. For FIRST class q paper | winning and working |2013

4. For FIRST class q paper | MMLG |2013
Procedure for download
Right Click above link and then select "save target as" or "save link as" option to download.


You May Also Like This: First Class Exam Question Papers From 2002 to 2010

Tuesday 24 September 2013

Pumice stones | geology behind floating stone like in ramayan

It is mentioned in the epic Ramayana that Ram Setu was built by the son of Lord Vishwakarma when Lord Rama needed to cross the sea to reach Lanka. The epic mentions that whenever the name of Lord Rama was written over any stone, it started to float in the sea water.
As we are human and some questions occures in our mind for checking that presence of that thing in actual world.

YES IT IS TRUE, PUMICE STONE FLOATES OVER THE WATER. IT IS GEOLOGY DUDE....:-)
Any object floats in any liquid when the weight of the liquid, displaced by the fraction of the object immersed in the liquid, is equal to the entire weight of the object itself. Pumice called pumicite in its powdered or dust form, is a volcanic rock that consists of highly vesicular rough textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals. It is typically light colored. Pumice is created when super-heated, highly pressurized rock is violently ejected from a volcano . The unusual foamy configuration of pumice happens because of simultaneous rapid cooling and rapid depressurization. The depressurization creates bubbles by lowering the solubility of gases (including water and CO2 ) that are dissolved in the lava, causing the gases to rapidly exsolve (like the bubbles of CO2 that appear when a carbonated drink is opened). The simultaneous cooling and depressurization freezes the bubbles in the matrix.
Pumice has an average porosity of 90%, and initially floats on water. Pumice is widely used to make lightweight concrete or insulative low-density cinder blocks. When used as an additive for cement , a fine- grained version of pumice called pozzolan is mixed with lime to form a light-weight, smooth, plaster-like concrete.

Asteroid mining | future of mining industry | mining in space

Ref: http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2012_phase_I_fellows_cohen.html

Asteroid mining refers to the possibility of exploiting raw materials from asteroids and other minor planets, including near-Earth objects .

Based on known terrestrial reserves and growing consumption in developing countries along with excessive exploitation by developed countries, there is speculation that key elements needed for modern industry, including antimony, zinc, tin, silver, lead , indium, gold, and copper, could be exhausted on Earth within 50–60 years. In response, it has been suggested that platinum , cobalt and other valuable elements from asteroids may be mined and sent to Earth for profit, used to build solar-power satellites and space habitats , and water processed from ice to refuel orbiting propellant depots. In fact, all the gold , cobalt , iron, manganese, molybdenum , nickel, osmium, palladium , platinum , rhenium , rhodium , ruthenium, and tungsten mined from Earth's crust, and that are essential for economic and technological progress, came originally from the rain of asteroids that hit Earth after the crust cooled.This is because although asteroids and Earth accreted from the same starting materials, Earth 's massive gravity pulled all heavy siderophilic (iron-loving) elements into its core during its molten youth more than four billion years ago. This left the crust depleted of such valuable elements until asteroid impacts re-infused the depleted crust with metals. Some flow from core to surface seems to occur, e.g. at the Bushveld Igneous Complex , a famously rich source of platinum- group metals. Self-replicating machines A 1980 NASA study entitled Advanced Automation for Space Missions proposed a complex automated factory on the Moon that would work over several years to build a copy of itself. Exponential growth of factories over many years could refine large amounts of lunar regolith. Since 1980 there has been major progress in miniaturization , nanotechnology, materials science , and additive manufacturing. The power of self-replication is compelling. For example, a 1 kg solar-powered self-replicating machine that takes one month to make a copy of itself would, after just two and a half years (30 doublings), refine over one billion kilograms of asteroidal material without any human intervention. Ten months later you would have one trillion kg of whatever metal(s) are used to make the devices, which could then be "harvested" at any time. No large mass of equipment need be delivered to the asteroid; in effect, only the information that went into designing the device plus the 1 kg device itself. The first mention of asteroid mining in science fiction is apparently Garrett P. Serviss.

Ref http://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2012_phase_I_fellows_cohen.html

Vacancy for BE Mining at NLC |

Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (NLC), a premier ‘Navratna’ Public Sector Enterprise with a present Annual Turnover of ` 5590 Crores (approx.) is spreading its wings in the frontiers of Mining and Power generation. The corporate plan of the company has many ambitious expansion schemes for capacity augmentation in the years to come. To add to its strength and fuel its growth, the company is looking for young, dynamic & result oriented talents for the post of Graduate Executive Trainee for its units and facilities located in various parts of the country (and abroad in future) through GATE 2014.

Click below to download

http://www.nlcindia.com/careers/Advt.No.08_2013_eng.pdf

For job, vacancy info like  fb page " jobs in mining" .

Monday 23 September 2013

Blasting vibration prediction calculation excel xls file

An amazing excel file which will calculate prediction of viberation by providing basic data like burden, spacing, charge per hole etc and give result with chart.

Download this here.

Procedure for downloading.
Click on above  link and then skip ads on next page. Download will start.
Like our fb page. For daily updates.

Mining Dictionary | Android | free to download | apk

Description
Introducing the first ever offline Mining Dictionary
for Android. It allows you to access the Mining
terms in Plane, Underground mines, Open pit, etc...
without network connection(s).
On first installation it'll download the dictionary in
your phone. You must turn on data connection on
your handheld (i.e: wifi or mobile internet
connection). Restart the application every time you
update your offline Dictionary.
Our team is currently working on the Mining Terms
so keep calm and check for the update of
Dictionary everyday.
Features:
A) Offline Dictionary
B) Suggest for particular word if you have any or
want it to be in Dictionary
Offline Mining Dictionary is a free, ad-supported
application. For the ad-free version, wait for
offline Mining Dictionary Pro (coming soon...).

It is developed by vicky thakor.
Special thanks to him.

If any words are missing then pls comment below, we will inform to developer and it will improve this.

Download it from google play store

Or

Download from server 2
www.4shared.com/99EwWrSJ/Mining_Dictionary_10.html

Sunday 22 September 2013

Vacancy for mining fresher | job

Specially for FRESHERS...
ENGINEER-MINING/GEOLOGIST/SURVEY
Job Summary:
• Company Name: Mayank Enterprises
• Location: Mumbai, Mumbai City, Navi Mumbai,
Thane, Pune
• Experience: 0 - 7 Years
• Keywords / Skills: Dedicated to coal mining
• Education: B.E/B.Tech, Diploma, MBA, M.E/
M.Tech/MS, M.Sc, PGDM
• Function: Engineering
Job Description:
Mining ENGINEER- B.E./B.Tech/AMIE
Geologist- B.Sc./M.Sc/M.Tech(Geology/Applied
Geology)
SURVEY-DIPLOMA Coal mining survey
Open the LINK below:
" http://jobs.monsterindia.com/details/
13919968.html?sig=js-1-1aceae84a540100f5f84e84
fc5106103-1&from= "

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Blood group table.... | first aid |

Helpful for life time .....

Procedure for download
Right click on image and click on save image as..

Age chart of earth ¤ geology ¤

Animated image showing earth age chart

Procedure for downloading

Right click on image and select "save image as" now click ok.

Thursday 19 September 2013

Mining Engineer job at Mukesh Kumar & Co in Jaipur, RJ

Mining Engineer Company: Mukesh Kumar & Co
Location: Jaipur, RJ
Date Posted: September 14, 2013

We are hiring for the position of Mining Engineer : Jaipur Location Job Description Candidate must have at least minimum 10 years of experience inmining of stone quarry and crusher plant. Education :B.Tech/M.tech( Mining Engineering)...

View full job description here.

5 days ago

Tuesday 17 September 2013

Format of experience certificate | dgms

Today I am posting format of experience certificates for applying in fcc, scc, overman, foreman, and in many mines manager exams.
This file includes:

* Experience Certificate

* Character Certificate

* Medical Certificate


For DGMS First class, Second Class, Overman, Foreman, Sardar, Surveyor as per CMR & MMR. It is an MS Word file so You can easily modify this certificate as per your requirement. This file is in English.



Click on above like button before download



Links Updated on 5th November 2015



Question paper 2002 to 2010 first class | fcc legislation question all years

On request of many readers of our blog I am posting legislation question paper of first class mines manager examination of years 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010.
Keep visiting... be updated...!
Procedure of download this file.
Click on following link to download this file. Then click on skip ads after few seconds when page loaded.
Click here to download.

Dems circular 11 of 1959 | fencing in mines

Dgms Circular 11 of 1959 | Fencing |

A design of temporary fencing around working quarries—A suitable method whereby a temporary fencing may be created wherever necessary is shown as in sketch under Reg. 112.
(DGMS Departmental Instruction dt. 21.11.45)

Fencing—To obviate unnecessary reference in this respect, it is desirable that a standard procedure is followed in constructing fences for various purposes. Appendix I give the details of different types of fences, while Appendix II gives the situations in which the different types of fences should be used. Fences provided in mines should generally conform to these requirements.  Circular 11 of 1959.

Procedure of download this file.
Click on following link to download. Click on skip ads after few seconds when page loaded.

Click here to download this file.

Dimensional stone mining| A note on dimensional stone mining

A note on dimensional stone mining.

Here I am uploading a very useful document related to dimensional stone mining. It was available online as an open source. It may be helpful to mining students. All basic doubts are cleared by the author of this article.

Procedure of download this file.
Click on following link to download this file. Then Click on skip ads after few seconds when page load.

Click here to download.

Medical certificate of fitness format | reveised | for all dgms mining exam

All of we need this certificate of fitness for applying in many examination related to mining.
Here I am posting you link for downloading that medical certificates format.
Procedure of download
Click on following link to download. Then click on skip ads after few seconds when page appear.
Download medical format
If it was helpfull to you then please like our Facebook page on right side of this post.

Thursday 12 September 2013

Previous Question Papers (Written) Examination for Mine Foreman

Previous   Question Papers (Written) Examination for Mine Foreman Certificate of Competency         (Restricted to Mines Having Opencast workings only)

Foreman 20 11

2000 tld Limestone assume your own condition method of workings
Sources of dust generation, dangers and prevention
What is code practice? Write down Standard code of practice for transportation
Explain
What is dump & Dump management
Pre splitting
Working near mine boundary
Duties of mate
Serious bodily injury
Employment of women
Drinking water
Sources of inundation and precautions

2010
1 Write down statutory provisions
Hours of working
Duties of blaster
Working near mine boundary
Fencing in old mines
2 Short note on any two of the following
Pre splitting
Safety Committee
First aid station
3 1000 t/d production men and machine required
4 what is Danger zone and precaution for increase of activity
5 Two persons died while reversing of dumper. Investigate causes and circumstances leading to such accident and methods of prevention to avoid future such accident
6 Sources of inundation in old mine and precautions

2009
Statutory provision in regard to following
Working near Boundary
Inspection after Shot firing
Precautions for approaching near machinery in operation
Sources of dust generation, dangers and prevention
Duties of the following
Mate
Magazine in charge
Blaster
Statutary provisions
Initial and periodical Medical Examination
First aid station

Safety comitte functions
Sources of inundation in olc mine and precautions
Working close to village .Dangers and precautions to be taken

2008
Statutary Provisions
Above ground
Initial and periodical Medical Examination
Working near boundary - provision
Duties of workman inspector
Permissible standards of dust, respirable limit ,methods of measurement. How to reduce dust generation
Explain what Danger zone is. Method of blasting within 100 m precaution and procedure in detail
Explain
Series connection and parallel connection and why series connection is
generally adopted "
b. Why stemming of charged holes is done
c. Why is primary blasting done
Types of first aid to be done for the following
Spinal cord
Fracture of finger which is bleeding
Burn due to electric shock

2006
Provision for working near boundaries
Fatal accident, two people while charging cause and prevention
Statutary provisions
Fencing in Opencast working
Appointmet and duties of work mens inspector
4 Sources of dust generation, dangers and prevention 5 Short notes
Gradient of haul roads
Peak particle velocity
Portable fire extinguisher
6 4000 /day limestoner below ob 20 m Machine required

Foreman Questions
a 15 m ob, 10m depth Production 3000 t Lst /day , extent 2x2 km Method of working
b Plans and section provisions.
2. Size of Forman District
3. Accident due to secondary blasting Describe your report as workman's
inspector and your suggestion to avoid such accidents in future
4. Precautions to be taken for deep hole blasting within 500 m
5. Use of tractor trailer for transportation of ore
6 Short note
[Rl Pressure gauges [Rl First aid station
[Rl VT center and training as per schedule

State the statutory provisions regarding working near mine boundaries

A fatal accident took place in an opencast mine killing two persons while they were charging explosive and connecting detonators.  What may be the cause of the accident and what precautions should be taken to prevent recurrence?

Write statutory provisions regarding
Fencing in opencast regarding
Appointment and duties of ‘Workmen’s Inspector in mines

What are the sources of dust in mechanized opencast mines? Explain the measures to prevent generation of dust.  What measures would you take for dust suppression in mines?

Write short notes on any two of the followings
Gradient of haul roads
Peak particle velocity
Portable fire extinguishers

Describe a suitable method for producing 4000 tonnes per day from a limestone deposit, which occurs below an overburden cover of 20 m.  Give details of machineries to be deployed.  Assume your own conditions

Question Bank | dgms exam question collections

¤Manual/mechanised/rail haulage/tipper haulage ¤

General definitions/Meanings
1)Adolescent
Adult
Child
What are the areas of working included in mines
Serious bodily injury
Reportable injury
Difference between opencast working and above ground
Hours and limitations of employment
What do is meant  by weekly day of rest
What is Section 22 under mines act, under what conditions work can be done in such area, who imposes , why is it imposed ,
When can a foreman certificate holder work as Manager
What are the provisions governing drinking water(Act) Quantity of drinking water(rules)
What are the conditions when notice of accidents is to be given
What is meant by compensatory day of rest
What the provisions for leave with wages
What are the standards of construction for latrines and urinals
What are conditions  for rest shelter (Size, distance, provisions etc)
All forms and Purpose (A, B,D,E,F,G -----------etc)
What is difference between basic and refresher training under VT Rules
What is crèche and when it should be provided
What are provisions under Maternity benefit rules
What is a fold?
What is a fault?
Sedimentary Rock
Igneous Rock
Metamorphic  Rock
What is dip &strike
What is a contact? And how is mines safety affected
What is stretcher drill and how will you conduct it?
What should be the distance kept between rest shelter, canteen and urinals?
What are the provisions for drinking water and urinals in mines
In manual mines where will you provide rest shelter and what are the things to be kept?

Duties and responsibilities of workmen, competent persons and officials (excluding managers, assistant managers);

Foreman general duties as per MMR
Duties of foreman in case of fatal accident
Writing of reports required to be made by mine foreman under the regulations.
How will you allocate duties for mates in your shift?
Duties of register keeper/attendance clerks
Duties of mining Mate in mechanised mine
Duties of mining Mate in manual mine
Size of mate district
What is the difference between duties of mate and foreman
Duties Magazine in charge
What are duties of magazine in charge while receiving return of explosives?
What are duties of magazine in charge while receiving explosives from suppliers?
You have observed a dangerous overhang in one of the benches-what are your duties as  foreman

Blaster
Duties of blaster at end of shift
Duties of blaster in case of misfire
Duties of Blasting foreman
We can include Excavator/dumper /loader operators

Discipline amongst workers and control of staff.
As a foreman how will you control absenteeism
As a foreman how will you ensure workmen reporting for work in drunken state
As a foreman how will you control ensure that persons working under you use the requisite PPE
As a foreman how will you ensure housekeeping to maintain safety of workmen against fire ,dust
Sanitation and health; miners’ diseases, their symptoms and prevention

Provisions of the Metalliferous Mines Regulations, 1961 relating to mine workings; explosives and blasting; haulage
In case of candidates from rope haulage sector
Duties of haulage attendant,
Code of signals
Draw bar?
Runaway switch
Stop block with respect to rope haulage
Inspection of haulage rope, clamping, coupling pins
Safety in tramming (Sprags, side tipping tubs, Track laying safety)
Weekly inspection of tubs
Difference between Direct/gravity/endless/main &tail their braking system and safe
What are specifications for travelling roadways(MMR 96)

Drilling &Blasting

A limestone bench 60 meter long and 7 meters high having two rows of holes is to be blasted calculate total explosive and accessory required. Assume your own conditions?
A manual mine with jack hammer drilling and blasting is required to produce 200 (t) limestone per day what are machines and manpower required? In mine big boulders result after blasting what will you do?
In a mine many stones go beyond 500 meters what are the reasons and how will you ensure safety?
How will you inspect a site in preparation to drilling?
What should  be the minimum difference in dia of the hole and cartridge , why?
What is the procedure for preparing ANFO?
How will you calculate explosives requirement for blasting?
What will you do to eliminate toe problems?
What are qualifications required for blaster in opencast mechanized mines?
What is delay detonator, where and how it is used?
What are safety factors to be considered while conducting deep hole drilling and blasting?
What are the causes for Misfire in deep hole blasting and how will you deal them?
In a mechanized mine after blasting large boulders are created, what could be cause and how will you overcome them?
What are advantages between each type of initiation systems?
What is deck charging, where and why it is done?
What are the following things and explain how they are used?
a) ignition cord b) kai piece c) detonating fuse.
What is a primed cartridge? Describe how it is prepared with
i) ordinary detonator   ii) electric detonator   iii) cordtex detonating fuse.
What are slurry explosives?
What are the safety precautions to be observed in or about a “Mixing Shed”?
What are the safety precautions and rules to be observed in transporting and carrying explosives manually?
What are the special features of an explosives van?
What are the safety precautions and rules to be observed while loading and blasting of holes?
How are the unserviceable explosives destroyed?
Explosives rules Magazine license is issued in which form and for how many years
Ammonium nitrate rules do we need to have license for possessing
Who gives permission for preparing ANFo
What are the requirements for ANFo mixing shed
What is meant by cap sensity
Why ANFo should not be cap sensitive
What are specifications for shot firing cable
How will assess good fragmentation
What is the difference between instantaneous-delay and nonel
Is detonating cord cap sensitive
Controlled blasting Types where used 
What is pre splitting
What is muffle blasting, where &why it is done
What is the difference between socket and misfire
What is meant by Deep hole
How to deal a deep hole that has misfired
What should be the minimum clearance between the drill hole and Explosive  cartridge?
Sources of accident in haul road
What precautions are to be taken in waste dump and how will you inspect ?
What should be the height of embankment in a dump?
Precautions in waste dump
How will you monitor the stability of an active dump?
What are the proactive measures to be taken in an in active dump?
controlled blasting technique?
Causes of fly rock in blasting
What precautions you will take in area to be drilled?
What are the duties of foreman at the end of shift?
How will you calculate quantity of material to be blasted
What are the dangers associated with fly rock and how to control them?


Method of working
What precautions are to be taken for manually loading of trucks?
What protective equipments are to be used and explain how they avoid injuries?
What are the safety precautions to be taken near geological features?
As a foreman you are to form a road connecting your mine to screen plant 60 meters below write the procedure?
What is
Excavator
Ripper dozer
surface miner
bucket wheel excavator
What are the factors to be considered for making a bench?
What is slope stability
How is stability of slope affected and what will you do
What are the requirements for haul road embankments
What is meant by Stripping ratio
Relation between stripping ratio and ultimate pit limit
Cut off grade
Factors controlling quarriable limit
What is motor grader ?
What is tyre handler?
When should we take exemption under MMR 106(2) (b)?
What is the permitted noise level?
What is meant by Pit slope?
What are the actions you will take after an accident near an excavator while loading?
How will you regulate traffic in a bench where three excavators are working?

Inundation
Sources of inundation and precautions
Due to sudden heavy rains work has stopped , What are the actions as a forema to be taken by you (Ans-Pulling out machine, parking safe-not below high walls, examination of drains for breaches , checking dump, again after rains check before redeployment)
Mine situated at a distance of nearly 50 meters from a seasonal nallah. What are precautions to be taken 
What are the sources of accident in opencast mechanised mines in monsoon
How will fence an old working In a mine regular undercuts result after blasting write how will you proceed to avoid such danger?
What are the causes of accidents in loading areas?
What is regulation 106(2)(b)
What are the heights and widths of benches and slope of sides in your mine?
What are gang planks?
What should be the width and slope of benches or roads for dumper traffic?
What are the road signs you expect to find when there is a right hand turn and a stee Slope? At what distance are the signs fixed.
Under what circumstances a separate road for up traffic and another road for down is arranged?
What are the general requirements of the plan of an open-cast mine?
What are the types of plans and sections to be made and maintained in an opencast mine?
MMR 60 General requirements about mine plans and  sections
What are conventions shown in second schedule, which are required to be used in preparing mine plans?
Provisions governing Employment of women

Hauling
Which are the safety features you will inspect in a haul road
What steps will you take to control dust?
Your mine is close to a river what precautions you will take against inundation?
What precautions should taken to avoid collapse of benches?
A truck went out of control, toppled resulting in serious injuries to driver and three passengers. What could be the cause
What are the safety features to be provided in dumper
What are the precautions against fire(automatic fire extinguisher, fire retardant cable and hoses, muffling of turbo charger, fire extinguisher, training of personnel, checking for leaks, house keeping, emergency cut off switches)
What are the types of fire in open cast mines and how will you handle them?
Name types of fire extinguishers and where they will be used
What is code practice? Write down Standard code of practice for transportation
What are the precautions for reversing in a dump

Dumping
Which are the safety features you will inspect in a waste dump in monsoon?
how will you ensure that water flowing out of mine is clear
What are the points to be inspected in a waste dump

Dangerous occurrences in mines and dealing with the same; accidents, their causes and prevention; accident reports; not disturbing the place of accident.
What precautions will you take while removing a seriously injured person from accident site?
Fencing various scenario
Writing accident report
When a place of accident can be disturbed benefits of accident investigation
Explain some steps currently being taken to motivate workers in your mine.
What are the common causes of accidents in haul roads?
What are the legal requirements regarding place of accident
What is the purpose of investigating an accident and how will you conduct

DUST

What is silicosis and what are its symptoms?
What are occupational diseases
What are the effects of dust on health
How is dust level measured
How will you control dust in
Drilling
Loading
Hauling
Dumping

Mines Rules 1956
Conditions governing  Initial and periodical medical examinations
Who is workmen’s  inspector
What are the qualifications for workman’s inspector
What are the duties of workmen’s’ inspector
Safety committee Functions etc
What is meant by manager’s Permit, what are the qualifications and limitations
What are the functions of safety committee
What are precautions against danger from fire,
What are precautions against water inundation in the mine 

First Aid.
What is the qualification required for a first aid station in charge
What is difference between first aid station &first aid room
What should be the distance 
Difference  between fractures
How do you transport a person with spinal injury
What is meant by Shock
Requirements in FA room
Requirements in FA station
Artificial respiration and methods
What are splints, where used and length of each ,why should they be used, what to do when splints are not readily available

DGMS CIRCULAR : EXAMINATIONS AND CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY AND FITNESS FOR FIRST CLASS, SECOND CLASS , OVER MAN AND FOREMAN : AFTER DEGREE DIPLOMA

Amendment in Bye-laws for Managers’ Certificate of Competency examination—

EXAMINATIONS AND CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY AND FITNESS FOR FIRST CLASS, SECOND CLASS , OVER MAN AND FOREMAN FOR COAL AND METAL AFTER DEGREE OR DIPLOMA : CIRCULAR :


There is a procedure for appling for second class, first class, overman, foreman, mmines mate, sardar for getting certificate approved by dgms in this file.



DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE DOCUMENT OF 28 PAGES HERE.


Friday 6 September 2013

Perencanaan Tambang (mine plan)

Perencanaan Tambang

1. Arti Perencanaan

Perencanaan tambang dapat diartikan sebagai kegiatan berikut :
  • Penentuan tujuan dan sasaran kegiatan yang ingin dicapai.
  • Proses persiapan secara sistematik mengenai kegiatan yang akan dilakukan.
  • Cara mencapai tujuan dan sasaran dengan menggunakan sumber dan kemampuan yang tersedia secara berdaya guna dan berdaya hasil.
  • Pembahasan dari persoalan, kemungkinan dan kesempatan yang dapat terjadi yang dapat mempengaruhi pencapaian tujuan.
  • Penentuan dari tindakan yang akan diambil untuk mencapai tujuan berdasarkan analisa tujuan dan kesempatan.

2.  Fungsi Perencanaan

Fungsi perencanaan Tambang  tergantung dari jenis perencanaan yang digunakan dan sasaran yang dituju, tetapi secara umum fungsi perencanaan dapat dikatakan antara lain sebagai berikut :
  • Pengarahan kegiatan, adanya pedoman bagi pelaksanaan kegiatan dalam pencapaian tujuan.
  • Perkiraan terhadap masalah pelaksanaan, kemampuan, harapan, hambatan dan kegagalannya mungkin terjadi.
  • Usaha untuk mengurangi ketidakpastian.
  • Kesempatan untuk memilih kemungkinan terbaik.
  • Penyusunan urutan kepentingan tujuan.
  • Alat pengukur atau dasar ukuran dalam pengawasan dan penilaian.
  • Cara penggunaan dan penempatan sumber secara berdaya guna dan berdaya hasil.

3. Tujuan Perencanaan Tambang

Tujuan dari pekerjaan perencanaan tambang adalah membuat suatu rencana produksi tambang untuk sebuah cebakan bijih yang akan :
  • Menghasilkan tonase bijih pada tingkat produksi yang telah ditentukan dengan biaya yang semurah mungkin.
  • Menghasilkan aliran kas (cash flow) yang akan memaksimalkan beberapa kriteria ekonomik seperti rate of return atau net present value.

4.  Masalah Perencanaan Tambang

Masalah perencanaan tambang merupakan masalah yang kompleks karena merupakan problem geometrik tiga dimensi yang selalu berubah dengan waktu. Geometri tambang bukan satu-satunya parameter yang berubah dengan waktu.Parameter-parameter ekonomi penting yang lain pun sering merupakan fungsi waktu pula.

5.  Ruang Lingkup Perencanaan Tambang

Agar perencanaan tambang dapat dilakukan dengan lebih mudah, masalah ini biasanya dibagi menjadi tugas-tugas sebagai berikut :

a. Penentuan batas dari pit

Menentukan batas akhir dari kegiatan penambangan (ultimate pit limit) untuk suatu cebakan bijih. Ini berarti menentukan berapa besar cadangan bijih yang akan ditambang (tonase dan kadarnya) yang akan memaksimalkan nilai bersih total dari cebakan bijih tersebut. Dalam penentuan batas akhir dari pit, nilai waktu dari uang belum diperhitungkan.

b.  Perancangan pushback

Merancang bentuk-bentuk penambangan (minable geometries) untuk menambang habis cadangan bijih tersebut mulai dari titik masuk awal hingga ke batas akhir daripit.  Perancangan pushback atau tahap-tahap penambangan ini membagi ultimate pitmenjadi unit-unit perencanaan yang lebih kecil dan lebih mudah dikelola. Hal ini akan membuat masalah perancangan  tambang tiga dimensi yang kompleks menjadi lebih sederhana. Pada tahap ini elemen waktu sudah mulai dimasukkan ke dalam rancangan penambangan karena urut-urutan penambangan pushback telah mulai dipertimbangkan.

c.  Penjadwalan produksi

Menambang bijih dan lapisan penutupnya (waste) di atas kertas, jenjang demi jenjang mengikuti urutan  pushback, dengan menggunakan tabulasi tonase dan kadar untuk tiap  pushback yang diperoleh dari tahap 2).  Pengaruh dari berbagai kadar batas (cut off grade) dan berbagai tingkat produksi bijih dan waste dievaluasi dengan menggunakan kriteria nilai waktu dari uang, misalnya  net present value.  Hasilnya akan dipakai untuk menentukan sasaran jadwal produksi yang akan memberikan tingkat produksi dan strategi kadar batas yang terbaik.

d.  Perencanaan tambang berdasarkan urutan waktu

Dengan menggunakan sasaran jadwal produksi yang dihasilkan pada tahap 3), gambar atau peta-peta rencana penambangan dibuat untuk setiap periode waktu (biasanya per tahun).  Peta-peta ini menunjukkan dari bagian mana di dalam tambang datangnya bijih dan  waste untuk tahun tersebut.  Rencana penambangan tahunan ini sudah cukup rinci, di dalamnya sudah termasuk pula jalan angkut dan ruang kerja alat, sedemikian rupa sehingga merupakan bentuk yang dapat ditambang. Peta rencana pembuangan lapisan penutup (waste dump) dibuat pula untuk periode waktu yang sama sehingga gambaran keseluruhan dari kegiatan penambangan dapat terlihat.

e.  Pemilihan alat

Berdasarkan peta-peta rencana penambangan dan penimbunan lapisan penutup dari tahap 4) dapat dibuat profil jalan angkut untuk setiap periode waktu.  Dengan mengukur profil jalan angkut ini, kebutuhan armada alat angkut dan alat muatnya dapat dihitung untuk setiap periode (setiap tahun). Jumlah alat bor untuk peledakan serta alat-alat bantu lainnya (dozer, grader, dll.) dihitung pula.

f.  Perhitungan ongkos-ongkos operasi dan kapital

Dengan menggunakan tingkat produksi untuk peralatan yang dipilih, dapat dihitung jumlah gilir kerja (operating shift) yang diperlukan untuk mencapai sasaran produksi.  Jumlah dan jadwal kerja dari personil yang dibutuhkan untuk operasi, perawatan dan pengawasan dapat ditentukan.  Akhirnya, ongkos-ongkos operasi, kapital dan penggantian alat dapat dihitung.
Catatan:
peta-peta yang dihasilkan dalam tahap 1), tahap 2) dan tahap 4) merupakan peta tampak atas (plan/level maps).

6. TAHAPAN DALAM PERENCANAAN

6.1  Pendahuluan

Tahapan dalam perencanaan menurut LEE (1984) dan Taylor (1977) dapat terbagi tiga tahap, yaitu :
1. Studi Konseptual.
Studi pada tahap pekerjaan awal ini merepresentasikan suatu transformasi dari suatu ide proyek kedalam usulan investasi yang luas dengan menggunakan metoda-metoda perbandingan dari definisi ruang lingkup dan teknik-teknik estimasi biaya untuk mengidentifikasikan suatu kesempatan investasi yang potensial. Biaya modal dan biaya operasi biasanya didekati dengan perkiraan nisbah yang menggunakan data historik.
Studi ini akan menekankan pada aspek investasi yang utama dari usulan penambangan yang memungkinkan. Persiapan studi ini pada umumnya adalah pekerjaan dari satu atau dua insinyur. Hasil dari studi ini dilaporkan sebagai evaluasi awal.
Studi ini sering juga disebut order of magnitudes studies atau scoping studies.
Pada umumnya berdasarkan data sementara/tak lengkap dan yang keabsahannya masih diragukan.
Hasilnya biasanya merupakan suatu dokumen intern dan tidak disebarluaskan di luar perusahaan yang bersangkutan.
Di samping meninjau kemungkinan diteruskannya proyek ini, tujuan lainnya adalah menentukan topik yang harus dievaluasi secara mendalam pada studi yang lebih rinci di masa yang akan datang.
2.   Pra Studi Kelayakan
Srudi ini adalah suatu pekerjaan pada tingkat menengah (intermedia) dan secara normal tidak untuk mengambil keputusan. Studi ini mempunyai obyektif didalam penentuan apakah konsep proyek tersebut menjustifikasi suatu analisis detail oleh suatu studi kelayakan (apakah studi kelayakan diperlukan) dan apakah setiap aspek dari proyek adalah kritis dan memerlukan suatu investigasi yang mendalam melalui suatu studi pendukung.
Studi ini harus dipandang sebagai suatu tahap menengah antara studi konseptual yang tidak mahal dan suatu studi kelayakan yang relatif mahal. beberapa dari studi ini dibuat oleh suatu tim (terdiri 2 & 3 orang). Kedua atau ketiga orang ini mempunyai akses ke konsultan dalam berbagai bidang, selain dapat berupa usaha dari multi group.
Data yang digunakan lebih lengkap dan kualitasnya lebih baik.
Beberapa pekerjaan paling tidak telah dilakukan untuk semua aspek penting dari proyek seperti pengujian metalurgi bijih, geoteknik, lingkungan, dsb.
Bagi perusahaan tambang besar, studi pra-kelayakan ini cenderung masih dianggap sebagai dokumen intern. Perusahaan yang lebih kecil sering menggunakan dokumen ini untuk mencari dana di pasar modal untuk membiayai studi-studi selanjutnya. (Ingat kasus Bre-X/Busang!).
3. Studi Kelayakan
Sering pula disebut sebagai bankable feasibility study. Hasilnya merupakan suatubankble document yang hampir selalu ditujukan untuk mencari modal untuk membiayai proyek tersebut. Karena itu, dokumen yang dihasilkan ini biasanya disebarluaskan pula di luar perusahaan.
Semua aspek utama harus dibahas dalam tahap ini. Hampir semua aspek tambahan harus dibahas pula.
3.2  Biaya Perencanaan
Biaya perencanaan (Lee, 1984) bervariasi bergantung kepada ukuran dan faktor alamiah proyek, tipe dari studi yang dilakukan, jumlah alternatif yang harus diteliti dan sejumlah faktor lain.
Atau bisa dinyatakan dalam persamaan berikut :
Biaya = f (ukuran & sifat dari proyek, jenis studi, jumlah
alternatif yang diinvestigasi, dll).
Dalam rangka menghitung biaya atau bagian teknik dari studi tidak termasuk seperti ongkos pemilikan seperti ongkos pengeboran eksplorasi, uji metalurgi, lingkungan dan studi hukum, atau studi pendukung lainnya, biasanya dinyatakan sebagai persentase dari biaya modal dari proyek :
Studi konseptual  =  0,1 – 0,3 % dari biaya total
Studi pra kelayakan     =  0,2 – 0,8 % dari biaya total
Studi kelayakan  =  0,5 – 1,5 % dari biaya total
3.3  Akurasi dari Estimasi
3.3.1 Tonase dan kadar
Pada tahap studi kelayakan, karena pengambilan sampel yang banyak dan pemeriksaan yang berulang, kadar rata-rata dari penambangan dari beberapa tonase yang diumumkan, disukai karena diketahui memiliki limit yang dapat diterima, katakanlah 5%, dan diturunkan dari metoda statistik yang standar. Walaupun tonase yang pasti dari bijih mungkin untuk tambang terbuka diketahui jika pemboran eksplorasi dari permukaan, dalam kenyataannya tonase ultimat dari banyak endapan bervariasi karena ia tergantung pada biaya harga dihubungkan dengan panjang waktu proyek.
Dua standar yang penting yang dapat didefinisikan untuk sebagian besar tambang terbuka adalah :
1. Cadangan minimum bijih harus sebanding untuk keperluan yang dibutuhkan untuk seluruh tahun Cash Flow yang diproyeksikan dalam laporan studi kelayakan haruslah diketahui dengan akurat dan dapat dipertanggungjawabkan.
2. Sebuah tonase ultimat yang potensial, diproyeksikan berlanjut dan optimistik, seharusnya dikalkulasikan dengan baik untuk mendefinisikan area tambahan yang berpengaruh untuk penambangan, dan dimana dumping area serta abngunan pabrik musti diletakkan.
3.3.2  Unjuk kerja
Unit-unit dari penambangan open pit sudah memiliki rate unjuk kerja yang stabil dan biasanya dicapai jika bekerja dalam organisasi yang baik dan pengorganisasian alat (misal Shovel dan Truck) secara tepat. Unjuk kerja akan terganggu jika pekerjaan tambahan (pengupasan tanah penutup dalam sebuah pit) tidak mencukupi. Pemeliharaan harus dilakukan dan pekerjaan ini harus dijadwalkan secara baik dan disediakan dalam laporan studi kelayakan.
3.3.3   Biaya
Beberapa mata biaya, terutama ongkos oeprasi di lapangan, hanya berbeda sedikit dari tiap tambang dan dapat diketahui secara detail. Beberapa mungkin unik atau sukar untuk diperkirakan. Umumnya akurasi dalam modal atau estimasi biaya operasi kembali kepada akurasi dalam kuantitas, kuota yang ada atau unit harga,  kecukupan ketentuan untuk ongkos tidak langsung dan overhead. Tendensi terakhir menunjukkan adanya batas yang meningkat.
Akurasi dari modal dan estimasi dari biaya operasi meningkat ketika proyek meningkat dari studi konseptual ke pra kelayakan dan tahap studi kelayakan. Normalnya range yang bisa diterima untuk akurasi diberikan sebagai berikut :
Faktor kesalahan dari studi konseptual + 30% dari biaya total
Faktor kesalahan dari pra studi kelayakan + 20% dari biaya total
Faktor kesalahan dari studi kelayakan + 10% dari biaya total.
3.3.4   Harga dan perolehan
Pendapatan selama umur tambang adalah kategori utama dari uang. Itu harus membayar seluruhnya, termasuk pembayaran kembali dari investasi awal dari uang. Krena pendapatan adalah dasar yang terbesar dalam mengukur faktor ekonomi tambang sehingga lebih sensitif mengubah penerimaan daripada mengubah faktor-faktor lain dari jenis-jenis pengeluaran.
Penerimaan ditentukan oleh kadar, recovery, dan harga dari produk metal. Oleh karenanya, harga adalah: (a) sejaun ini sangat sulit untuk estimasi dan (b) suatu jumlah yang besar diluar dari kontrol estimator. Walaupun mengabaikan inflasi, harga pembelian secara lebar bervariasi terhadap waktu. kecuali komoditi yang bisa dikontrol dengan tepat, mereka mengarah untuk mengikuti bentuk siklus.
Departemen pemasaran harus menginformasikan hubungan suplai dan permintaan dan pergerakan harga metal. Mereka dapat juga menyediakan harga rata-rata metal di luar negeri dalam harga dolar sekarang, baik kemungkinan maupun konservatif. Harga terakhir berkisar 80% dari kemungkinan atau lebih. Idealnya, walaupun pada harga konservatif, harus tetap menguntungkan.

7.  CHECKLIST DATA AWAL YANG HARUS DIKUMPULKAN

Pada awal tahap perencanaan untuk setiap proyek (tambang) yang baru, terdapat banyak faktor dari berbagai jenis yang harus dipertimbangkan. Beberapa faktor tersebut dapat dengan mudah diperoleh, sedangkan beberapa faktor lain diperoleh dengan suatu keharusan melakukan studi yang mendalam (misalnya geometri pit).
Untuk menghindari ketidaklengkapan data, maka sebaiknya dibuat suatu checklist (rebel, 1975, “Field Work Program Checklist for New Properties”).
Checklist Item

1.   Topografi

  1. USGS maps  ®  1 : 500      1 : 1000
b.  Special Aerial or lamd survey establish control stations

2.  Kondisi iklim (Climate condition)

a.  Ketinggian
b.  Temperatur  ®  rata-rata bulanan sudah cukup.
c.  Prespitasi (untuk penirisan)
  • rata-rata presipitasi tahunan
  • rata-rata curah hujan bulanan
  • rata-rata Run-off (keadaan normal dan flood/banjir)
d.  Angin, maks, tercatat dalam arah.
e.  Kelembaban.
f.  Delay.
g.  Awan, fog.

3.  Air

a.  Sumber : mata air, sungai, danau, bor.
b.  Ketersediaan : hukum, kepemilikan, biaya.
c. Kuantitas : ketersediaan perbulan, kesempatan aliran, kemungkinan lokasi bendungan.
d.  Kualitas : sampel, perubahan-perubahan kualitas, efek kontaminasi.
e.  Sewage Disposal Methode.

4.  Struktur Geologi

a.  Dalam daerah tambang.
b.  Disekeliling daerah tambang.
c.  Kemungkinan gempa bumi.
d.  Akibat pada slope (maks. slope).
e.  Estimasi dan kondisi fondasi.

5.  Air Tambang

a.  Kedalaman.
b.  Konduktivitas.
c.  Metode Penirisan.

6.  Permukaan

a. Vegetasi : tipe, metode pembabatan, biaya.
b. Kondisi yang tidak biasa : danau, endapan deposit, pohon-pohon besar.

7.  Tipe/Jenis Batuan (Bijih, overburden)

a.  Sample untuk uji kemampuan dibor.
b. Fragmentasi : Hardness, derajat pelapukan, bidang-bidang diskontinu, kecocokan untuk jalan.

8.  Lokasi untuk Konsentrator.

a.  Lokasi tambang, Haul up hill, down hill.
b.  Preparasi lokasi (cut, fill).
c.  Proses air : gravitasi, pompa.
d.  Tailing Disposal.
e.  Fasilitas pemeliharaan.

9.  Tailing Pond (daerah)

a.  Lokasi pipa.
b.  Alamiah, bendungan, danau.
c.  Pond overflow.

10. Jalan

a.  Peta jalan
b.  Informasi jalan-jalan yang ada :
·  lebar, permukaan, batas maksimum beban
·  batas maksimum load sesuai musim
·  pemeliharaan.
c.  Jalan yang dibuat (harus) oleh perusahaan
·  panjang
·  profile
·  cut and file
·  jembatan
·  pengkondisian tanah
·  dll.

11.    Power

a.  Ketersediaan (PLN) : kilovolt, jarak (terdekat), biaya.
b.  Kabel ke SIB.
c.  Lokasi sub station.
d.  Kemungkinan untuk power station sendiri.

12.    Smelting

a.  Ketersediaan pabrik.
b.  Metode pengapalan : jarak, alat angkut, awak, reet, dll.
c.  Biaya.
d. Aspek terhadap lingkungan.
e.  Rel KA, dok.

13.    Kepemilikan lahan

a.  Kepemilikan : begara, pribadi.
b.  Tata guna lahan.
c.  Harga tanah.
d.  Jenis oplians : sewa, beli, dll.

14. Pemerintah

a.  Suasana politik.
b.  Hukum, UU pertambangan.
c.  Keadaan lokal.

15. Kondisi ekonomi

a.  Industri utama yang ada, berpengaruh ke infrastruktur.
b.  Kesediaan tenaga kerja.
c.  Skala penggalian.
d.  Struktur pajak.
e.  Ketersediaan sarana, toko, rumah sakit, sekolah, rumah.
  1. Ketersediaan material, termasuk bensin, semen, gravel.
g.  Pembelian.

16.    Lokasi Pembuangan (waste) : tambang, rumah sakit, perumahan

a.  Jarak.
b.  Profil jalan.
c.  Kekungkinan proses lebih lanjut.

17. Aksessibilitas dari kota utama ke luar

a.  Metode transportasi.
b.  Realibilitas dan transportasi yang tersedia.
c.  Komunikasi.

18. Metode mendapatkan informasi

a.  Past records (pemerintah).
b.  Memelihara alat-alat komunikasi
c.  Mengunpulkan conto.
d.  Pengukuran dan pengamatan lokasi lapangan.
e.  Survey lapangan
  1. Layout pabrik.
g.  Check untuk load informasi
h.  Check hukum lokal.
  1. Personal inquiry dan observasi suasana politik dan ekonomi.
  2. Peta-peta.
k.  Cost inquiries.
  1. Material.
m.  Membuat utility, avaliability, inquiries.

Sekian dulu postingan Perencanaan Tambang kali ini miners blogger 
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